Add Art 71 Title 45 §§71-4501 - 71-4513, amd §71-1311, En Con L
Enacts "private environmental law enforcement act"; authorizes any private citizen who has an interest which is or may be adversely affected to commence civil judicial actions for injunctive or declaratory relief to remedy environmental harms under certain circumstances; provides that such action may be commenced against any person for any violation of an administrative or court order compelling an investigation or remediation of an inactive hazardous waste disposal site.
NEW YORK STATE ASSEMBLY MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF LEGISLATION submitted in accordance with Assembly Rule III, Sec 1(f)
BILL NUMBER: A1622
SPONSOR: Simon (MS) TITLE OF BILL:
An act to amend the environmental conservation law, in relation to
granting private citizens the right to initiate civil enforcement
actions for violations of such law
PURPOSE:
To grant broad authorization for people to commence civil judicial
actions to prevent or remedy environmental injury under certain titles
of the Environmental Conservation Law (ECL).
SUMMARY OF SPECIFIC PROVISIONS:
Section one of the bill amends Article 71 of the environmental conserva-
tion law by adding a new title 45, the Private Environmental Law
Enforcement Act.
Section 71-4501 of the new title 45 provides authority to persons who
have suffered or may suffer environmental injury to commence civil
actions against any person for violating: an administrative or court
order related to remediation of a hazardous waste disposal site; or for
a violation of the following provisions of any rule, regulation, permit,
certificate or order promulgated or issued pursuant to: a) ECL sections
15-0501, 15-0503 or 15-0505 related to protection of streams, water
bodies, and navigable waters; b) title 27 of article 15 of ECL related
to protection of wild, scenic, and recreational rivers systems; c) title
five, seven, eight, ten or seventeen of article 17 of ECL related to
water pollution control; d) ECL article 9 related to air pollution
control; e) ECL article 23 related to regulation of the development,
production, utilization, storage, and refinement of oil and gas in order
to prevent waste; f) ECL article 24 related to preservation, protection,
and conservation of freshwater wetlands; g) ECL article 25 related to
preservation and protection of tidal wetlands; h) title three, seven,
nine, or fifteen of article 27 of ECL related to regulation of waste
transporter permits, and of solid waste management, industrial
hazardous waste management, and regulated medical waste management; i)
ECL article 33 related to regulation of registration, commercial use,
purchase and custom application of pesticides; j) ECL article 37 related
to regulation of hazardous or acutely hazardous substances; k) ECL arti-
cle 40 related to regulation of bulk storage of hazardous substances.
Section 71-4503 of the new title 45 requires notice to the Environmental
Conservation Commission, the Attorney General, and any person a civil
action would allege violated this law before, and prohibits such suit
from being commenced if the commissioner or the Attorney General is
prosecuting a civil action to remedy the alleged injury.
Section 71-4505 of the bill establishes that the state may intervene in
a suit commenced by an individual and that an individual who filed the
notice required in section 71-4503 may intervene in a subsequent suit by
the state.
Section 71-4507 of the new title 45 establishes the terms for approval
of settlements. Section 71-4509 of the new title 45 establishes costs,
fees, and penalties.
Section 71-4511 of the new title 45 establishes applicability in the
Adirondack Park.
Section 75-4513 of the new title 45 provides that nothing in this title
shall restrict the right of any person to seek enforcement of the law.
Section two of the bill amends section 71-1311 of the environmental
conservation law, subdivision 1, establishing who may enforce an injunc-
tion against violations of any provision of article 23 of chapter 846.
Section three of the bill sets forth the effective date.
JUSTIFICATION:
The large number of violations of environmental laws, rules, regu-
lations, permits, certificates and orders make it nearly impossible for
the State to pursue timely enforcement actions in every instance where
such actions may be necessary or appropriate. This bill provides
private citizens with the right to seek enforcement through the courts
in instances involving violations of those provisions of the ECL relat-
ing to protection of waters, water supply, water power, drainage, solid
and hazardous waste, freshwater and tidal wetlands, pesticides and
hazardous substances bulk storage. To avoid duplication of effort, the
bill prohibits initiation of a citizen suit if the Commissioner or the
Attorney General has commenced an enforcement action.
With limited enforcement resources, the State simply cannot bring an
enforcement action for every violation of the ECL or the rules, regu-
lations, permits, certificates or orders issued thereunder. As a result,
a member of the regulated community may reason that compliance with
legal requirements, which may be costly, is not worth it because the
risk that an enforcement action will be commenced is low.
A broad citizen suit bill would allow the State to marshal the pool of
resources and assistance that could be provided by concerned citizens.
Allowing private citizens to seek judicial enforcement of certain ECL
violations would increase the likelihood that such violations would be
prosecuted. This increased enforcement would be a significant deterrent
to the regulated community.
By requiring notice to the Department and the Attorney General of the
intent to institute a citizen suit, allowing the State to intervene in
such suits, and requiring notice to the Department and the Attorney
General prior to settlement of such suits, this proposal assures that
the State can oversee and provide input into the conduct and settlement
of citizen suits. The State's role as guardian of the environment and
enforcer of the State's environmental laws is thereby preserved. The
public is both willing and able to assist in enforcement efforts, as
evidenced by the number of citizen suits brought under federal laws and
the overwhelming popular support for New York's "Toxic Torts" bill.
Citizen suit provisions are contained in numerous federal environmental
statutes, including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, the
Safe Drinking Water Act, the Noise Control Act and the CERCLA reauthori-
zation bill.
A pooling of all available resources will assist both the public and
private sectors in achieving their common goal. of increased compliance
with the environmental laws of New York State. It will enable government
to allocate scarce enforcement resources more efficiently by allowing it
to concentrate on the most significant violations with the assurance
that lower priority violations will not be overlooked.
FISCAL IMPLICATION FOR STATE GOVERNMENT:
None.
FISCAL IMPACT ON LOCALITIES:
None.
IMPACT ON REGULATION OF BUSINESSES AND INDIVIDUALS:
Provides private citizens with the right to seek enforcement of certain
existing provisions of the environmental conservation law. IMPACT ON
FINES, IMPRISONMENT, FORFEITURE OF RIGHTS, OR OTHER PENAL SANCTIONS:
None.
PRIOR LEGISLATIVE HISTORY:
2021-22: A.2261 Simon -Third Reading
2020-19: A.1424 (Simon) -Third Reading
2017-18: A.8965 (Simon) -Third Reading
2016: A05802A (Kavanagh)- Environmental Conservation
2015: A05802 (Kavanagh)- Rules
2014: A02047A (Kavanagh)- Third Reading
2013: A02047 (Kavanagh)- Third Reading
2012: A04801 (Kavanagh)- Third Reading
2011: A04801 (Kavanagh)- Codes
2010: A04272 (Brodsky)-Passed Assembly
2009: A04272 (Brodsky)-Passed Assembly
2008: A01100 (Brodsky)-Third Reading
2007: A01100 (Brodsky)-Environmental Conservation
2006: A01885 (Brodsky)-Third Reading
2005: A01885 (Brodsky)-Codes
2004: A05936 (Brodsky)-Passed Assembly
2003: A05936 (Brodsky)-Passed Assembly
2002: A00455 (Brodsky)-Passed Assembly
2001: A00455 (Brodsky)-Third Reading
2000: A0956A (Brodsky)-Third Reading
1999: A0956A (Brodsky)-Passed Assembly
1998: A01620A (Brodsky)- Passed Assembly
1997: A01620A (Brodsky)- passed Assembly
1996: A00191B (Brodsky)- passed Assembly
1995: A00191B (Brodsky)- passed Assembly
EFFECTIVE DATE:
This act shall take effect immediately; provided, however, that no
action authorized by section 71-4501 of the environmental conservation
law, as added by section one of this act, may be commenced against any
city, village, town or county prior to September 1, 2027 and nothing in
this act shall affect any action commenced pursuant to section 71-1311
of the environmental conservation law prior to such effective date
STATE OF NEW YORK
________________________________________________________________________
1622
2023-2024 Regular Sessions
IN ASSEMBLY
January 17, 2023
___________
Introduced by M. of A. SIMON, DINOWITZ, KELLES, WOERNER -- Multi-Spon-
sored by -- M. of A. BURKE, CARROLL, COLTON, DAVILA, FAHY, GLICK,
JACOBSON, OTIS, PAULIN, REYES, L. ROSENTHAL, TAYLOR, THIELE, WEPRIN --
read once and referred to the Committee on Environmental Conservation
AN ACT to amend the environmental conservation law, in relation to
granting private citizens the right to initiate civil enforcement
actions for violations of such law
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem-bly, do enact as follows:
1 Section 1. Article 71 of the environmental conservation law is amended
2 by adding a new title 45 to read as follows:
3 TITLE 45
4 PRIVATE ENVIRONMENTAL
5 LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT
6 Section 71-4501. Enforcement by private citizens.
7 71-4503. Notice of action.
8 71-4505. Intervention.
9 71-4507. Approval of settlements.
10 71-4509. Costs, fees and penalties.
11 71-4511. Applicability in the Adirondack park.
12 71-4513. Savings clause.
13 § 71-4501. Enforcement by private citizens.
14 1. Except as otherwise provided in section 71-4503 of this title, any
15 person who has suffered or may suffer an injury in fact, regardless of
16 whether such injury is different in kind or degree from that suffered by
17 the public at large, may commence a civil action in a court of competent
18 jurisdiction for injunctive and declaratory relief pursuant to subdivi-
19 sion two of this section against any person for any violation of an
20 administrative or court order compelling that person to investigate or
21 remediate an inactive hazardous waste disposal site pursuant to title 13
22 of article 27 of this chapter, or for a violation of the following
EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
[] is old law to be omitted.
LBD02697-01-3
A. 1622 2
1 provisions of or any rule, regulation, permit, certificate or order
2 promulgated or issued pursuant to:
3 a. section 15-0501, 15-0503 or 15-0505 of this chapter; or
4 b. title 27 of article 15 of this chapter; or
5 c. title 5, 7, 8, 10 or 17 of article 17 of this chapter; or
6 d. article 19 of this chapter; or
7 e. article 23 of this chapter; or
8 f. article 24 of this chapter; or
9 g. article 25 of this chapter; or
10 h. title 3, 7, 9 or 15 of article 27 of this chapter; or
11 i. article 33 of this chapter; or
12 j. article 37 of this chapter; or
13 k. article 40 of this chapter.
14 2. In any action commenced pursuant to subdivision one of this
15 section, the court may issue declaratory and/or injunctive relief for
16 each violation found. The judgment in any such action may also impose
17 such conditions on the defendant as are necessary to assure compliance
18 with such law, rule, regulation, permit, certificate or order within a
19 reasonable time period.
20 3. No person shall commence a civil action pursuant to subdivision one
21 of this section unless the alleged violation could be subject to a judi-
22 cial enforcement action or administrative enforcement proceeding brought
23 by or on behalf of the department, the state of New York, the commis-
24 sioner, or the commissioner's designee.
25 4. No action may be brought against the state or any of its depart-
26 ments, agencies or bureaus or any of its political subdivisions or any
27 public authority pursuant to this title except in their capacity as
28 owner or operator of a pollution source or as a person responsible for
29 the investigation or remediation of an inactive hazardous waste disposal
30 site pursuant to title 13 of article 27 of this chapter.
31 § 71-4503. Notice of action.
32 1. Except as provided in subdivision two of this section, no action
33 may be commenced under subdivision one of section 71-4501 of this title:
34 a. prior to sixty days after written notice by certified mail, return
35 receipt requested, has been given by the plaintiff to the commissioner,
36 the attorney general, and any person alleged to be in violation of any
37 law, rule, regulation, permit, certificate or order. Such written notice
38 shall be given in such a manner as the commissioner may prescribe by
39 regulation, and shall identify any person alleged to be in violation of
40 any such law, rule, regulation, permit, certificate or order as set
41 forth in subdivision one of section 71-4501 of this title and shall
42 describe with reasonable particularity the activity or condition
43 complained of including, where appropriate, data or test results in the
44 possession of the plaintiff which describe such alleged violation; or
45 b. if the commissioner or the commissioner's designee, at any time
46 prior to the end of the sixty day notice period prescribed in paragraph
47 a of this subdivision or prior to commencement of such action, whichever
48 is later and upon written notice to the person who provided the notice
49 prescribed in paragraph a of this subdivision, has commenced and is
50 actively prosecuting an administrative enforcement proceeding pursuant
51 to this chapter relative to the alleged violation; or
52 c. if the attorney general, at any time prior to the end of the sixty
53 day notice period prescribed in paragraph a of this subdivision or prior
54 to commencement of such action, whichever is later, and upon written
55 notice to the person who provided the notice prescribed in paragraph a
56 of this subdivision, has commenced and is actively prosecuting a civil
A. 1622 3
1 action in a court of the United States or New York state which seeks an
2 order or injunction relative to the alleged violation; or
3 d. if the alleged violation is the subject of a consent order, a
4 court order or any other written agreement signed by the commissioner or
5 the commissioner's designee and the alleged violator setting forth a
6 compliance schedule to eliminate the alleged violation in a reasonable
7 time period, or of a settlement or disposition of an administrative
8 enforcement proceeding or a civil action commenced pursuant to this
9 chapter, provided that the alleged violator is in compliance with the
10 terms of such consent order, court order, agreement, settlement or
11 disposition.
12 2. The plaintiff may commence an action under subdivision one of
13 section 71-4501 of this title prior to sixty days after the giving of
14 notice required by paragraph a of subdivision one of this section upon a
15 showing to the court that the matter in controversy involves a substan-
16 tial and imminent hazard to the environment.
17 3. A copy of the complaint, and, unless service is thereafter waived,
18 all motion papers and any subsequent pleadings shall be served upon the
19 commissioner, the attorney general and the defendant.
20 § 71-4505. Intervention.
21 1. The state as represented by the attorney general may intervene as a
22 matter of right in any action brought pursuant to this title.
23 2. Any person who is authorized to commence an action pursuant to
24 section 71-4501 of this title and who has given notice pursuant to
25 section 71-4503 of this title may intervene upon timely motion as a
26 matter of right in any action or proceeding subsequently commenced by
27 the department or the attorney general relating to any violation alleged
28 in such notice.
29 § 71-4507. Approval of settlements.
30 1. No action commenced under this title shall be settled except upon
31 approval by the court upon sixty days notice to all parties, the commis-
32 sioner and the attorney general. Notice of the proposed settlement shall
33 be published in the environmental notice bulletin. Upon the motion of
34 the commissioner, the attorney general, or any other party or upon its
35 own motion, the court may require such further notice as may be required
36 to protect the interests in environmental protection or enforcement of
37 citizens who are not a party to the action. The court shall not approve
38 a settlement in an action commenced under this title if the court deter-
39 mines that a monetary settlement in excess of costs, disbursements and
40 reasonable expert witness and attorney fees has been offered or paid by
41 a defendant as consideration for such settlement to a plaintiff who has
42 standing to sue only by virtue of this title.
43 2. If, subsequent to the commencement of an action under subdivision
44 one of section 71-4501 of this title which action has not been finally
45 adjudicated, the person alleged to be in violation of any law, rule,
46 regulation, permit, certificate or order enters into a consent order, or
47 is subject to a court order or other written agreement signed by the
48 commissioner or the commissioner's designee which sets forth a reason-
49 able settlement and disposition of the alleged violation, the court in
50 which such action is pending, on motion of any party, may make an appro-
51 priate court order disposing of the case, including the award of costs,
52 disbursements, reasonable expert witness and attorney fees to any party
53 if appropriate pursuant to section 71-4509 of this title.
54 § 71-4509. Costs, fees and penalties.
55 1. The court, in issuing any final order in any action brought pursu-
56 ant to subdivisions one and two of section 71-4501 of this title may in
A. 1622 4
1 its discretion award costs, disbursements and reasonable expert witness
2 and attorney fees to any prevailing or substantially prevailing party;
3 provided, however, that such an award to a prevailing respondent or
4 defendant shall not exceed ten thousand dollars and a prevailing
5 respondent or defendant in order to recover such costs, disbursements,
6 reasonable expert witness and attorney fees must make a motion request-
7 ing such costs, disbursements and fees and show that the action or claim
8 brought was frivolous. In order to find the action or claim to be frivo-
9 lous, the court must find in writing one or more of the following:
10 a. the action or claim was commenced, used or continued in bad faith,
11 solely to delay or prolong the resolution of the litigation or to harass
12 or maliciously injure another;
13 b. the action or claim was commenced or continued in bad faith without
14 any reasonable basis in law or fact and could not be supported by a good
15 faith argument for an extension, modification or reversal of existing
16 law. If the action or claim was promptly discontinued when the party or
17 the attorney learned or should have learned that the action or claim
18 lacked such a reasonable basis, the court may find that the party or the
19 attorney did not act in bad faith.
20 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision one of this section,
21 no costs, disbursements, or reasonable expert witness and attorney fees
22 may be awarded against the state, or any of its departments, agencies,
23 bureaus or any of its political subdivisions, or any public authority in
24 any action brought under this title.
25 3. In addition to the state's right to intervene pursuant to subdivi-
26 sion one of section 71-4505 of this title or any other law, the state,
27 as represented by the attorney general, may appear upon timely motion in
28 an action brought under this title for the sole purpose of obtaining an
29 award of penalties against any person found liable in such action;
30 provided, however, that the plaintiff and defendant must be notified of
31 the state's intent to move for penalties within thirty days of commence-
32 ment of such action. Any claim for penalties based upon a violation
33 which is the subject of an action brought under this title must be
34 brought in such action.
35 § 71-4511. Applicability in the Adirondack park.
36 With respect to those parts of title 27 of article 15 of this chapter
37 and those parts of article 24 of this chapter administered by the
38 Adirondack park agency created pursuant to article twenty-seven of the
39 executive law, any reference in this title to the department, the
40 commissioner, or the commissioner's designee shall be construed to mean
41 the Adirondack park agency.
42 § 71-4513. Savings clause.
43 Nothing in this title shall restrict any right which any person or
44 class of persons may have under any statute or common law to seek
45 enforcement of any statute, rule, regulation, permit, certificate or
46 order, or to seek any other relief.
47 § 2. Section 71-1311 of the environmental conservation law, subdivi-
48 sion 1 as amended by chapter 846 of the laws of 1981, is amended to read
49 as follows:
50 § 71-1311. Injunction against violations.
51 [1.] Whenever it appears that any person is violating or threatening
52 to violate any provision of article 23 of this chapter or is committing
53 any offense described in section 71-1305 of this title, the department,
54 acting by the Attorney General, may bring suit against such person in
55 any court of competent jurisdiction to restrain such person from contin-
56 uing such violation or from carrying out the threat of violation. In any
A. 1622 5
1 such suit, the court shall have jurisdiction to grant to the department
2 without bond or other undertaking, such prohibitory or mandatory injunc-
3 tions as the facts may warrant, including temporary restraining orders
4 and preliminary injunctions.
5 [2. If the department, acting by the Attorney General, shall fail to
6 bring suit to enjoin a violation or threatened violation of any
7 provision of article 23, or any rule, regulation, or order of the
8 department made pursuant hereto, within ten days after receipt of writ-
9 ten request to do so by any person who is or will be adversely affected
10 by such violation, the person making such request may bring suit in his
11 own behalf to restrain such violation or threatened violation in any
12 court in which the department might have brought suit. The department
13 shall be made a party in such suit in addition to the person violating
14 or threatening to violate a provision of article 23, or a rule, regu-
15 lation, or order of the department, and the action shall proceed and
16 injunctive relief may be granted to the department without bond, or
17 other undertaking in the same manner as if suit had been brought by the
18 department.]
19 § 3. This act shall take effect immediately; provided however, that no
20 action authorized by section 71-4501 of the environmental conservation
21 law, as added by section one of this act, may be commenced against any
22 city, village, town or county prior to September 1, 2027 and nothing in
23 this act shall affect any action commenced pursuant to section 71-1311
24 of the environmental conservation law prior to such effective date.
