Extends the statute of limitations of actions related to certain sex trafficking offenses, reviving such actions otherwise barred by the existing statute of limitations; grants trial preference to such actions; exempts such actions from certain provisions requiring notice of claims.
NEW YORK STATE ASSEMBLY MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF LEGISLATION submitted in accordance with Assembly Rule III, Sec 1(f)
BILL NUMBER: A2575
SPONSOR: Dinowitz TITLE OF BILL:
An act to amend the criminal procedure law, in relation to the statute
of limitations in criminal prosecution of certain sex trafficking
crimes; to amend the civil practice law and rules, in relation to the
statute of limitations for civil actions related to certain sex traf-
ficking offenses, reviving such actions otherwise barred by the existing
statute of limitations and granting trial preference to such actions; to
amend the judiciary law, in relation to the rules reviving certain sexu-
al offense actions; to amend the general municipal law, in relation to
providing that the notice of claim provisions shall not apply to actions
related to certain sex trafficking offenses; to amend the court of
claims act, in relation to providing that the notice of intention to
file provisions shall not apply to actions related to certain sex traf-
ficking offenses; and to amend the education law, in relation to provid-
ing that the notice of claim provisions shall not apply to actions
related to certain sex trafficking offenses
PURPOSE:
This bill would extend the criminal and civil statutes of limitation to
increase the time periods in which a prosecution for sex trafficking and
sex trafficking of a child may be commenced and increase the time in
which a civil suit may be brought
EXISTING LAW:
Currently, a prosecution for sex trafficking or sex trafficking of a
child must be commenced Within five years of the commission of the
offense. A civil suit must be brought within five years.
SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS:
Section one of the bill amends paragraph (a) of subdivision 2 of § 30.10
of the criminal procedure law to add sex trafficking as defined in
section 230.34 of the penal law and sex trafficking of a child as
defined in section 230.34-a of the penal law to the crimes for which
prosecution may be commenced at any time.
Section two of the bill amends paragraph (f) of subdivision 3 of § 30.10
of the criminal procedure law to make technical changes as the result of
amending section one of the bill.
Section three of the bill amends subdivision (b) of § 208 of the civil
practice law and rules to amending prospectively the statute of limita-
tions in civil actions alleging conduct which would constitute sex traf-
ficking against a child under the age of 18 and sex trafficking of a
child. This section would permit all civil claims or causes of action
brought for physical, psychological or other injury or condition
suffered as a result of conduct which would constitute sex trafficking
against a child under the age of 18 or sex trafficking of a child
against any party whose intentional or negligent acts or omissions are
alleged to have resulted in the commission of that conduct up until the
victim reaches 55 years of age. This section explicitly applies notwith-
standing any other section of law pertaining to the filing of a notice
of claim or a notice of intention to file a claim as a condition prece-
dent to bringing a civil action against a public institution.
Section four of the bill amends § 214-g of the civil practice law and
rules to allow for time-barred actions in which conduct which would
constitute sex trafficking against a child under the age of 18 and sex
trafficking of a child is alleged to be revived, and not be barred by
any statute of limitation or notice of claim requirement otherwise
existing in law. Such revival can only take place within a one-year
window which commences six months from the effective date of the act.
This section explicitly applies notwithstanding any other section of law
pertaining to the filing of a notice of claim or a notice of intention
to file a claim as a condition precedent to bringing a civil action
against a public institution. This section also makes clear that any
revived civil actions brought during the one-year window that were
previously dismissed due to being time-barred or for failure to file a
notice of claim or a notice of intention to file a claim shall not be
dismissed on those grounds.
Section five of the bill amends § 213-c of the civil practice law and
rules to add sex trafficking and sex trafficking of a child as conduct
which permits for all civil claims or causes of action that are brought
for physical, psychological or other injury or condition suffered as a
result of such conduct against any party whose intentional or negligent
acts or omissions are alleged to have resulted in the commission of that
conduct to twenty years.
Section six of the bill adds § 214-k to the civil practice law and rules
to allow for time-barred actions in which conduct which would constitute
sex trafficking against a person 18 years of age or older is alleged to
be revived, and not be barred by any statute of limitation or notice of
claim requirement otherwise existing in law. Such revival can only take
place within a one-year window which commences six months from the
effective -date of the act. This section explicitly applies notwith-
standing any other section of law pertaining to the filing of a notice
of claim or a notice of intention to file a claim as a condition prece-
dent to bringing a civil action against a public institution. This
section also makes clear that any revived civil actions brought during
the one-year Window that were-previously dismissed due to being time-
barred or for failure to file a notice of claim or a notice of intention
to file a claim shall not be dismissed on those grounds.
Section seven of the bill amends paragraph 7 of subdivision (a) of rule
3403 of the civil practice law and rules provides for a special trial
preference for cases which have been revived pursuant to this act.
Section eight of the bill amends § 219-e of the judiciary law to require
the Chief Administrative Judge of the Office of Court Administration to
promulgate rules concerning the timely adjudication of claims revived
pursuant to Section one of this act.
Section nine of the bill amends paragraph (b) of subdivision 8 of
§ 50-e of the general municipal law to remove notice of claim require-
ments in actions alleging damages resulting from the commission of sex
trafficking against a child under the age of eighteen and sex traffick-
ing of a child against governmental entities, thus putting governmental
and nongovernmental defendants on an equal footing for any civil actions
brought after the effective date of this act, including during the one
year revival-window. Current law, which requires that a notice of claim
must first be served prior to commencing such actions, would not apply
to these types of actions.
Section ten of the bill amends subdivision 5 of § 50-i of the general
municipal law to make the same aforementioned changes related to notice
of claim requirements against a city, county, town, village, fire
district, or school district
Section eleven of the bill amends subdivision 10 of § 10 of the court of
claims act to make the same aforementioned changes related to notice of
claim requirements against the state or certain other State-related
entities.
Section twelve of the bill amends subdivision 2 of § 3813 of the educa-
tion law to make the same aforeMentioned changes related to notice of
claim requirements against school entities.
Section thirteen of the bill provides the severability clause. Section
fourteen of the bill provides the effective date.
JUSTIFICATION:
Trauma and culture force survivors of sexual offenses into silence.
Statutes of limitation often render it impossible for these survivors to
get justice when they are finally able to bravely come forward and break
their silence.
New York has recognized this issue by eliminating the statutes of limi-
tation for B Felony sexual offenses, including rape in the first degree,
aggravated sexual abuse, course of sexual conduct against a child, and
incest in the first degree and by extending the statutes of limitation
for other sexual offenses, including rape in the second degree, criminal
sexual act in the second degree, incest in the second degree, rape in
the third degree, and criminal sexual act in the third degree.
Similarly, New York recognized the importance of increasing protections
for survivors of these crimes by extending the time period in which a
civil suit may be commenced. This bill would provide sex trafficking
survivors with the same protections as survivors of other B Felony sex
offenses.It would remove the statute of limitations for sex trafficking
and sex trafficking of a child and would extend the time period in which
a civil cause of action can be commenced. The extended civil guidelines
would give survivors of child trafficking the same protections as survi-
vors of other sexual offenses committed against them in childhood, and
it would likewise grant this same humanity to adult survivors.
PRIOR LEGISLATIVE HISTORY:
2024:A.1940-B- Codes/S.349-8- Passed Senate
2023:A.1940-A- Codes/S.349-A- Passed Senate
2022:A.10612 -Codes/S.8722 -Codes
FISCAL IMPLICATIONS:
None.
EFFECTIVE DATE:
Immediately.
STATE OF NEW YORK
________________________________________________________________________
2575
2025-2026 Regular Sessions
IN ASSEMBLY
January 17, 2025
___________
Introduced by M. of A. DINOWITZ, ROSENTHAL, HEVESI, BICHOTTE HERMELYN,
PAULIN, COLTON, GLICK, DE LOS SANTOS, LEVENBERG, BRAUNSTEIN, SIMON,
EPSTEIN, CRUZ, COOK, GONZALEZ-ROJAS, DAVILA, LAVINE, OTIS, TAPIA,
ZACCARO, CUNNINGHAM, McDONOUGH, WOERNER, JACKSON, RAGA, BUTTENSCHON,
SEAWRIGHT, SIMONE, MAHER, NOVAKHOV -- read once and referred to the
Committee on Codes
AN ACT to amend the criminal procedure law, in relation to the statute
of limitations in criminal prosecution of certain sex trafficking
crimes; to amend the civil practice law and rules, in relation to the
statute of limitations for civil actions related to certain sex traf-
ficking offenses, reviving such actions otherwise barred by the exist-
ing statute of limitations and granting trial preference to such
actions; to amend the judiciary law, in relation to the rules reviving
certain sexual offense actions; to amend the general municipal law, in
relation to providing that the notice of claim provisions shall not
apply to actions related to certain sex trafficking offenses; to amend
the court of claims act, in relation to providing that the notice of
intention to file provisions shall not apply to actions related to
certain sex trafficking offenses; and to amend the education law, in
relation to providing that the notice of claim provisions shall not
apply to actions related to certain sex trafficking offenses
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem-bly, do enact as follows:
1 Section 1. Paragraph (a) of subdivision 2 of section 30.10 of the
2 criminal procedure law, as amended by chapter 315 of the laws of 2019,
3 is amended to read as follows:
4 (a) A prosecution for a class A felony, or rape in the first degree as
5 defined in section 130.35 of the penal law, or a crime defined or
6 formerly defined in section 130.50 of the penal law, or aggravated sexu-
7 al abuse in the first degree as defined in section 130.70 of the penal
8 law, or course of sexual conduct against a child in the first degree as
EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
[] is old law to be omitted.
LBD00226-01-5
A. 2575 2
1 defined in section 130.75 of the penal law, or sex trafficking as
2 defined in section 230.34 of the penal law, or sex trafficking of a
3 child as defined in section 230.34-a of the penal law, or incest in the
4 first degree as defined in section 255.27 of the penal law may be
5 commenced at any time;
6 § 2. Paragraph (f) of subdivision 3 of section 30.10 of the criminal
7 procedure law, as amended by chapter 11 of the laws of 2019, is amended
8 to read as follows:
9 (f) For purposes of a prosecution involving a sexual offense as
10 defined in article one hundred thirty of the penal law[, other than a
11 sexual offense delineated in paragraph (a) of subdivision two of this
12 section,] committed against a child less than eighteen years of age, the
13 period of limitation shall not begin to run until the child has reached
14 the age of twenty-three or the offense is reported to a law enforcement
15 agency or statewide central register of child abuse and maltreatment,
16 whichever occurs earlier. This paragraph shall not apply to sexual
17 offenses delineated in paragraph (a) of subdivision two of this section
18 committed against a child less than eighteen years of age, sex traffick-
19 ing as defined in section 230.34 of the penal law committed against a
20 child less than eighteen years of age, sex trafficking of a child as
21 defined in section 230.34-a of the penal law, incest in the first,
22 second or third degree as defined in sections 255.27, 255.26 and 255.25
23 of the penal law committed against a child less than eighteen years of
24 age, or use of a child in a sexual performance as defined in section
25 263.05 of the penal law[, the period of limitation shall not begin to
26 run until the child has reached the age of twenty-three or the offense
27 is reported to a law enforcement agency or statewide central register of
28 child abuse and maltreatment, whichever occurs earlier].
29 § 3. Subdivision (b) of section 208 of the civil practice law and
30 rules, as added by chapter 11 of the laws of 2019, is amended to read as
31 follows:
32 (b) Notwithstanding any provision of law which imposes a period of
33 limitation to the contrary and the provisions of any other law pertain-
34 ing to the filing of a notice of claim or a notice of intention to file
35 a claim as a condition precedent to commencement of an action or special
36 proceeding, with respect to all civil claims or causes of action brought
37 by any person for physical, psychological or other injury or condition
38 suffered by such person as a result of conduct which would constitute a
39 sexual offense as defined in article one hundred thirty of the penal law
40 committed against such person who was less than eighteen years of age,
41 sex trafficking as defined in section 230.34 of the penal law committed
42 against such person who was less than eighteen years of age, sex traf-
43 ficking of a child as defined in section 230.34-a of the penal law,
44 incest as defined in section 255.27, 255.26 or 255.25 of the penal law
45 committed against such person who was less than eighteen years of age,
46 or the use of such person in a sexual performance as defined in section
47 263.05 of the penal law, or a predecessor statute that prohibited such
48 conduct at the time of the act, which conduct was committed against such
49 person who was less than eighteen years of age, such action may be
50 commenced, against any party whose intentional or negligent acts or
51 omissions are alleged to have resulted in the commission of said
52 conduct, on or before the plaintiff or infant plaintiff reaches the age
53 of fifty-five years. In any such claim or action, in addition to any
54 other defense and affirmative defense that may be available in accord-
55 ance with law, rule or the common law, to the extent that the acts
56 alleged in such action are of the type described in subdivision one of
A. 2575 3
1 section 130.30 of the penal law or subdivision one of the former section
2 130.45 of the penal law, the affirmative defenses set forth, respective-
3 ly, in the closing paragraph of such sections of the penal law shall
4 apply.
5 § 4. Section 214-g of the civil practice law and rules, as amended by
6 chapter 130 of the laws of 2020, is amended to read as follows:
7 § 214-g. (a) Certain child sexual abuse cases. Notwithstanding any
8 provision of law which imposes a period of limitation to the contrary
9 and the provisions of any other law pertaining to the filing of a notice
10 of claim or a notice of intention to file a claim as a condition prece-
11 dent to commencement of an action or special proceeding, every civil
12 claim or cause of action brought against any party alleging intentional
13 or negligent acts or omissions by a person for physical, psychological,
14 or other injury or condition suffered as a result of conduct which would
15 constitute a sexual offense as defined in article one hundred thirty of
16 the penal law committed against a child less than eighteen years of age,
17 incest as defined in section 255.27, 255.26 or 255.25 of the penal law
18 committed against a child less than eighteen years of age, or the use of
19 a child in a sexual performance as defined in section 263.05 of the
20 penal law, or a predecessor statute that prohibited such conduct at the
21 time of the act, which conduct was committed against a child less than
22 eighteen years of age, which is barred as of the effective date of this
23 section because the applicable period of limitation has expired, and/or
24 the plaintiff previously failed to file a notice of claim or a notice of
25 intention to file a claim, is hereby revived, and action thereon may be
26 commenced not earlier than six months after, and not later than two
27 years and six months after the effective date of this section. In any
28 such claim or action: (a) in addition to any other defense and affirma-
29 tive defense that may be available in accordance with law, rule or the
30 common law, to the extent that the acts alleged in such action are of
31 the type described in subdivision one of section 130.30 of the penal law
32 or subdivision one of the former section 130.45 of the penal law, the
33 affirmative defenses set forth, respectively, in the closing paragraph
34 of such sections of the penal law shall apply; and (b) dismissal of a
35 previous action, ordered before the effective date of this section, on
36 grounds that such previous action was time barred, and/or for failure of
37 a party to file a notice of claim or a notice of intention to file a
38 claim, shall not be grounds for dismissal of a revival action pursuant
39 to this section.
40 (b) Notwithstanding any provision of law which imposes a period of
41 limitation to the contrary and the provisions of any other law pertain-
42 ing to the filing of a notice of claim or a notice of intention to file
43 a claim as a condition precedent to commencement of an action or special
44 proceeding, every civil claim or cause of action brought against any
45 party alleging intentional or negligent acts or omissions by a person
46 for physical, psychological, or other injury or condition suffered as a
47 result of conduct which would constitute sex trafficking as defined in
48 section 230.34 of the penal law committed against a child less than
49 eighteen years of age or sex trafficking of a child as defined in
50 section 230.34-a of the penal law, which is barred as of the effective
51 date of this subdivision because the applicable period of limitation has
52 expired, and/or the plaintiff previously failed to file a notice of
53 claim or a notice of intention to file a claim, is hereby revived, and
54 action thereon may be commenced not earlier than six months after, and
55 not later than one year and six months after the effective date of this
56 subdivision. In any such claim or action, dismissal of a previous
A. 2575 4
1 action, ordered before the effective date of this subdivision, on
2 grounds that such previous action was time barred, and/or for failure of
3 a party to file a notice of claim or a notice of intention to file a
4 claim, shall not be grounds for dismissal of a revival action pursuant
5 to this subdivision.
6 § 5. Section 213-c of the civil practice law and rules, as amended by
7 chapter 23 of the laws of 2024, is amended to read as follows:
8 § 213-c. Action by victim of conduct constituting certain sexual
9 offenses. Notwithstanding any other limitation set forth in this article
10 or any other provision of law which imposes a period of limitation to
11 the contrary, except as provided in subdivision (b) of section two
12 hundred eight of this article, all civil claims or causes of action
13 brought by any person for physical, psychological or other injury or
14 condition suffered by such person as a result of conduct which would
15 constitute rape in the first degree as defined in section 130.35 of the
16 penal law, or rape in the second degree as defined in subdivision four,
17 five or six of section 130.30 of the penal law, or rape in the second
18 degree as defined in former subdivision two of section 130.30 of the
19 penal law, or rape in the third degree as defined in subdivision one,
20 two, three, seven, eight or nine of section 130.25 of the penal law, or
21 a crime formerly defined in section 130.50 of the penal law, or a crime
22 formerly defined in subdivision two of section 130.45 of the penal law,
23 or a crime formerly defined in subdivision one or three of section
24 130.40 of the penal law, or incest in the first degree as defined in
25 section 255.27 of the penal law, or incest in the second degree as
26 defined in section 255.26 of the penal law (where the crime committed is
27 rape in the second degree as defined in subdivision four, five or six of
28 section 130.30 of the penal law, or rape in the second degree as former-
29 ly defined in subdivision two of section 130.30 of the penal law, or a
30 crime formerly defined in subdivision two of section 130.45 of the penal
31 law), or aggravated sexual abuse in the first degree as defined in
32 section 130.70 of the penal law, or course of sexual conduct against a
33 child in the first degree as defined in section 130.75 of the penal law,
34 or sex trafficking as defined in section 230.34 of the penal law, or sex
35 trafficking of a child as defined in section 230.34-a of the penal law
36 may be brought against any party whose intentional or negligent acts or
37 omissions are alleged to have resulted in the commission of the said
38 conduct, within twenty years. Nothing in this section shall be construed
39 to require that a criminal charge be brought or a criminal conviction be
40 obtained as a condition of bringing a civil cause of action or receiving
41 a civil judgment pursuant to this section or be construed to require
42 that any of the rules governing a criminal proceeding be applicable to
43 any such civil action.
44 § 6. The civil practice law and rules is amended by adding a new
45 section 214-k to read as follows:
46 § 214-k. Certain sexual offense actions. Notwithstanding any
47 provision of law which imposes a period of limitation to the contrary
48 and the provisions of any other law pertaining to the filing of a notice
49 of claim or a notice of intention to file a claim as a condition prece-
50 dent to commencement of an action or special proceeding, every civil
51 claim or cause of action brought against any party alleging intentional
52 or negligent acts or omissions by a person for physical, psychological,
53 or other injury or condition suffered as a result of conduct which would
54 constitute sex trafficking as defined in section 230.34 of the penal law
55 committed against such person who was eighteen years of age or older,
56 which is barred as of the effective date of this section because the
A. 2575 5
1 applicable period of limitation has expired, and/or the plaintiff previ-
2 ously failed to file a notice of claim or a notice of intention to file
3 a claim, is hereby revived, and action thereon may be commenced not
4 earlier than six months after, and not later than one year and six
5 months after the effective date of this section. In any such claim or
6 action, dismissal of a previous action, ordered before the effective
7 date of this section, on grounds that such previous action was time
8 barred, and/or for failure of a party to file a notice of claim or a
9 notice of intention to file a claim, shall not be grounds for dismissal
10 of a revival action pursuant to this section.
11 § 7. Paragraph 7 of subdivision (a) of rule 3403 of the civil practice
12 law and rules, as amended by chapter 203 of the laws of 2022, is amended
13 to read as follows:
14 7. any action which has been revived pursuant to subdivision (a) or
15 (b) of section two hundred fourteen-g [or], two hundred fourteen-j, or
16 two hundred fourteen-k of this chapter.
17 § 8. Section 219-e of the judiciary law, as added by chapter 203 of
18 the laws of 2022, is amended to read as follows:
19 § 219-e. Rules reviving certain actions; sexual offenses. The chief
20 administrator of the courts shall promulgate rules for the timely adju-
21 dication of revived actions brought pursuant to section two hundred
22 fourteen-j and section two hundred fourteen-k of the civil practice law
23 and rules.
24 § 9. Paragraph (b) of subdivision 8 of section 50-e of the general
25 municipal law, as added by chapter 153 of the laws of 2024, is amended
26 to read as follows:
27 (b) This section shall not apply to: (i) any claim made for physical,
28 psychological, or other injury or condition suffered as a result of
29 conduct which would constitute a sexual offense as defined in article
30 one hundred thirty of the penal law committed against a child less than
31 eighteen years of age, sex trafficking as defined in section 230.34 of
32 the penal law committed against a child less than eighteen years of age,
33 sex trafficking of a child as defined in section 230.34-a of the penal
34 law, incest as defined in section 255.27, 255.26 or 255.25 of the penal
35 law committed against a child less than eighteen years of age, or the
36 use of a child in a sexual performance as defined in section 263.05 of
37 the penal law committed against a child less than eighteen years of age;
38 or
39 (ii) any civil claim or cause of action revived pursuant to section
40 two hundred fourteen-j of the civil practice law and rules.
41 § 10. Subdivision 5 of section 50-i of the general municipal law, as
42 added by chapter 11 of the laws of 2019, is amended to read as follows:
43 5. Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, this section
44 shall not apply to any claim made against a city, county, town, village,
45 fire district or school district for physical, psychological, or other
46 injury or condition suffered as a result of conduct which would consti-
47 tute a sexual offense as defined in article one hundred thirty of the
48 penal law committed against a child less than eighteen years of age, sex
49 trafficking as defined in section 230.34 of the penal law committed
50 against a child less than eighteen years of age, sex trafficking of a
51 child as defined in section 230.34-a of the penal law, incest as defined
52 in section 255.27, 255.26 or 255.25 of the penal law committed against a
53 child less than eighteen years of age, or the use of a child in a sexual
54 performance as defined in section 263.05 of the penal law committed
55 against a child less than eighteen years of age.
A. 2575 6
1 § 11. Subdivision 10 of section 10 of the court of claims act, as
2 added by chapter 153 of the laws of 2024, is amended to read as follows:
3 10. Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, this section
4 shall not apply to: (i) any claim to recover damages for physical,
5 psychological, or other injury or condition suffered as a result of
6 conduct which would constitute a sexual offense as defined in article
7 one hundred thirty of the penal law committed against a child less than
8 eighteen years of age, incest as defined in section 255.27, 255.26 or
9 255.25 of the penal law committed against a child less than eighteen
10 years of age, sex trafficking as defined in section 230.34 of the penal
11 law committed against a child less than eighteen years of age, sex traf-
12 ficking of a child as defined in section 230.34-a of the penal law, or
13 the use of a child in a sexual performance as defined in section 263.05
14 of the penal law committed against a child less than eighteen years of
15 age; or
16 (ii) any civil claim or cause of action revived pursuant to section
17 two hundred fourteen-j of the civil practice law and rules.
18 § 12. Subdivision 2 of section 3813 of the education law, as amended
19 by chapter 153 of the laws of 2024, is amended to read as follows:
20 2. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary hereinbefore contained in
21 this section, no action or special proceeding founded upon tort shall be
22 prosecuted or maintained against any of the parties named in this
23 section or against any teacher or member of the supervisory or adminis-
24 trative staff or employee where the alleged tort was committed by such
25 teacher or member or employee acting in the discharge of [his] their
26 duties within the scope of [his] their employment and/or under the
27 direction of the board of education, trustee or trustees, or governing
28 body of the school unless a notice of claim shall have been made and
29 served in compliance with section fifty-e of the general municipal law.
30 Every such action shall be commenced pursuant to the provisions of
31 section fifty-i of the general municipal law; provided, however, that
32 this section shall not apply to: (i) any claim to recover damages for
33 physical, psychological, or other injury or condition suffered as a
34 result of conduct which would constitute a sexual offense as defined in
35 article one hundred thirty of the penal law committed against a child
36 less than eighteen years of age, sex trafficking of a child as defined
37 in section 230.34-a of the penal law committed against a child less than
38 eighteen years of age, incest as defined in section 255.27, 255.26 or
39 255.25 of the penal law committed against a child less than eighteen
40 years of age, or the use of a child in a sexual performance as defined
41 in section 263.05 of the penal law committed against a child less than
42 eighteen years of age; or
43 (ii) any civil claim or cause of action revived pursuant to section
44 two hundred fourteen-j of the civil practice law and rules.
45 § 13. Severability. If any clause, sentence, paragraph, section or
46 part of this act shall be adjudged by any court of competent jurisdic-
47 tion to be invalid and after exhaustion of all further judicial review,
48 the judgment shall not affect, impair or invalidate the remainder there-
49 of, but shall be confined in its operation to the clause, sentence,
50 paragraph, section or part of this act directly involved in the contro-
51 versy in which the judgment shall have been rendered.
52 § 14. This act shall take effect immediately and shall apply to acts
53 or omissions occurring on or after such effective date and to acts or
54 omissions occurring prior to such effective date where the applicable
55 statute of limitations in effect on the date of such act or omission has
56 not yet expired.
